smoke inhalation [AS, smoca + L, in, within, halare, to breathe] , the inhalation of noxious fumes or irritating particulate matter that may cause severe pulmonary damage. Respiratory burns are difficult to distinguish from simple smoke inhalation. Chemical pneumonitis, asphyxiation, and physical trauma to the respiratory passages may occur. ▪ OBSERVATIONS: Characteristics include irritation of the upper respiratory tract, singed nasal hairs, dyspnea, hypoxia, dusty gray sputum, rhonchi, rales, restlessness, anxiety, cough, and hoarseness. Pulmonary edema may develop up to 48 hours after exposure. ▪ INTERVENTIONS: Airway maintenance and ventilatory assistance are essential. Endotracheal intubation, high-flow oxygen, and mechanical ventilation may be needed. Arterial blood gases are monitored, and corticosteroids may be given. ▪ PATIENT CARE CONSIDERATIONS: The characteristics of smoke inhalation and its treatment vary with the nature of the fumes or matter inhaled and the extent of exposure. It is therefore important to know the circumstances, nature, and period of exposure and to know whether the person has a history of chronic respiratory or cardiac disease.
