nicotine withdrawal syndrome, physiological and psychological effects of tobacco dependence that make it difficult for addicted smokers to cease use of nicotine. Withdrawal symptoms in those who quit smoking cigarettes may be diminished by substituting nicotine in the form of chewing gum, lozenges, or transdermal nicotine skin patches. ▪ OBSERVATIONS: A wide range of uncomfortable symptoms is associated with nicotine withdrawal. The symptoms include, but are not limited to, nausea, headache, irritability, and difficulty concentrating. ▪ INTERVENTIONS: Withdrawal symptoms may be diminished by substituting nicotine in the form of chewing gum, lozenges, or transdermal skin patches. ▪ PATIENT CARE CONSIDERATIONS: Smoking cessation programs and support groups can be of benefit to a patient experiencing withdrawal from nicotine.
