hypertensive crisis [Gk, hyper + L, tendere, to stretch; Gk, krisi, turning point] , a sudden, severe increase in blood pressure to a level exceeding 200/120 mm Hg, occurring most frequently in individuals who have untreated hypertension or who have stopped taking prescribed antihypertensive medication. See also malignant hypertension. ▪ OBSERVATIONS: Characteristic signs include severe headache, vertigo, diplopia, tinnitus, photophobia, nosebleed, twitching of muscles, tachycardia or other cardiac arrhythmia, distended neck veins, narrowed pulse pressure, nausea, and vomiting. The patient may be confused, irritable, or stuporous, and the condition may lead to convulsions, coma, myocardial infarction, renal failure, cardiac arrest, or stroke. ▪ INTERVENTIONS: Treatment consists of antihypertensive drugs and diuretics; anticonvulsants, sedatives, and antiemetics may be used if indicated. The patient is usually placed on a cardiac monitor in a bed with the head elevated and is maintained in a quiet environment. The diet is low in calories, and sodium and fluids may be restricted. As the patient’s condition improves, progressive ambulation is permitted, but the patient is carefully observed for symptoms of orthostatic hypotension, such as pallor, diaphoresis, or faintness, which may be side effects of the antihypertensive drugs. ▪ PATIENT CARE CONSIDERATIONS: The major concerns of the health care providers in the acute-care setting are to observe and report any sign of hypertension. In preparation for discharge the nurse advises the patient to recognize symptoms of any dramatic increase or decrease in blood pressure, to adhere to the prescribed diet and medication, and to avoid fatigue, heavy lifting, use of tobacco products, and stressful situations. Other members of the health care team, including the pharmacist, dietitian, and therapist, can provide further instructions to assist the patient in controlling his or her blood pressure.
