hemorrhage /hem′ərij/ [Gk, haima + rhegnynei, to gush] , a loss of a large amount of blood in a short period, either externally or internally. Hemorrhage may be arterial, venous, or capillary. Also spelled haemorrhage. −hemorrhagic, adj. ▪ OBSERVATIONS: Symptoms of massive hemorrhage are related to hypovolemic shock: rapid, thready pulse; thirst; cold, clammy skin; sighing respirations; dizziness; syncope; pallor; apprehension; restlessness; and hypotension. If bleeding is contained within a cavity or joint, pain will develop as the capsule or cavity is stretched by the rapidly expanding volume of blood. ▪ INTERVENTIONS: Effort is directed to stopping the hemorrhage. If hemorrhage is external, pressure is applied directly to the wound or to the appropriate pressure points. The part of the body that is wounded may be elevated. Ice, applied directly to the wound, may slow bleeding by causing vasoconstriction. Body temperature may be maintained by keeping the person covered and flat. If an extremity is wounded, and if the bleeding is severe, a tourniquet may be applied proximal to the wound.
