compartment syndrome [L, com + partiri, to share] , 1. an acute pathological condition caused by elevation of tissue pressure within a closed space, resulting in the progressive development of compression and consequent reduction of blood supply. The compression may result from swelling within an overly restrictive dressing or cast or from nonexpansive muscle fascia. Clinical manifestations include swelling, restriction of movement, brown urine, myoglobinuria, vascular compromise, and severe pain or lack of sensation. Severe pain may appear out of proportion to the injury and is one of the earliest manifestations of this emergency situation. It can result in a permanent contracture deformity of the hand or foot, with or without a fracture. In severe cases, it can lead to necrosis and necessitate the amputation of an extremity. Treatment includes elevation, removal of restrictive dressings or casts, and potentially a surgical decompression or open fasciotomy. See also Volkmann’s contracture. 2. a chronic pathological condition caused by elevation of tissue pressure within a closed space (compartment) during exercise. Clinical manifestations are pain in the affected extremity (usually the lower legs) and occasional numbness. Symptoms are relieved by rest and will recur with renewed exercising. This condition is not a medical emergency and is treated by eliminating the aggravating activities or limited fasciotomy.
